Ausgabe 2012, S. 381–395.Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto, Wolfhart Westendorf, Stele – Zypresse: Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1986, Page 1383F. Octavian declared war on Cleopatra in 32 BC; an engagement with Cleopatra's fleet took place off Actium in September of 31. Caesarion was the eldest son of Cleopatra and possibly the only biological son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. His daughter Berenike IV seized the throne in his absence, but by 55 BCE, Rome (including a young Marcus Antonius, or He reigned for about eight years in the mid-to-late 12th century BC and was a son of Ramesses III and queen Iset Ta-Hemdjert. 184–186), Roller (2010, pp. The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from around 3150 to 2686 BC. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain:

Octavian invaded Egypt in summer of 30 BCE. After two centuries power shifted, and during the reigns of the later Ptolemies Rome became the hungry guardian of the Ptolemaic dynasty. The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs The early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. In 58 BCE, Cleopatra's father Ptolemy XII fled to Rome to escape his angry people in the face of a declining economy and the dawning perception that he was a puppet of Rome. Anthony returned east from Rome in 36 BCE to make an ill-fated attempt to gain Parthia for Rome, and Cleopatra went with him and came home pregnant with her fourth child. When Ptolemy XII passed away, the throne was passed to Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII, her brother. Anthony sent his wife home and a propaganda war about who was Caesar's true heir (Octavian or Caesarion) erupted. The Macedonian/Greek Ptolemies had ruled Egypt from the time of the death of Alexander, in 323 BCE. Civil war broke about between them, and when Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BCE, the second of five children of Ptolemy XII (117–51 BCE), a weak king who called himself the "New Dionysos" but was known in Rome and Egypt as "the Flute Player." As the wife, daughter, and sister of a king, Hatshepsut not only shared the royal bloodline but also inherited the art of ruling from her royal family. The last pharaoh of Egypt, CleopatraVII (69–30 BCE, ruled 51–30 BCE), is among the most recognized of any Egyptian pharaoh by the general public, and yet most of what we 21st-century people know of her are rumors, speculation, propaganda, and gossip. Although her son may have held nominal power for a few days beyond Cleopatra's suicide, she was the last, effectively ruling pharaoh. Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar, better known by the nickname Caesarion, was the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt, reigning with his mother Cleopatra from 2 September 44 BC until her death by 12 August 30 BC and as sole ruler until his death was ordered by Octavian, the later Roman emperor Augustus. With Cleopatra's death, the rule of Egypt finally passed to the Romans. The Ptolemaic dynasty was already in shambles when Ptolemy XII was born, and his predecessor Ptolemy XI (died 80 BCE) came to power only with the interference of the Roman Empire under the dictator The Debated Last Pharaoh of the 6th Dynasty Nitocris is believed to have lived around the 22nd century BC, which was towards the end of the 6th Dynasty. Nectanebo II (Manetho 's transcription of Egyptian Nḫt-Ḥr- (n)-Ḥbyt, "Strong is Horus of Hebit "), ruled in 360–342 BC was the third and last pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt as well as the last native ruler of ancient Egypt. Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0".